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- Economy
-
- Overview: Growth in the sluggish Bulgarian economy fell
- to the 2% annual level in the 1980s, and by 1989 Sofia's
- foreign debt had skyrocketed to $10 billion--giving a debt
- service ratio of more than 40% of hard currency earnings.
- The post-Zhivkov regime faces major problems of renovating
- an aging industrial plant, keeping abreast of rapidly unfolding
- technological developments, investing in additional energy
- capacity (the portion of electric power from nuclear energy
- reached 37% in 1988), and motivating workers, in part by
- giving them a share in the earnings of their enterprises.
- A major decree of January 1989 summarized and extended the
- government's economic restructuring efforts, which include
- a partial decentralization of controls over production decisions
- and foreign trade. The new regime promises more extensive
- reforms and eventually a market economy. But the ruling
- group cannot (so far) bring itself to give up ultimate control
- over economic affairs exercised through the vertical
- Party/ministerial command structure. Reforms have not led to
- improved economic performance, in particular the provision of more
- and better consumer goods. A further blow to the economy was the
- exodus of 310,000 ethnic Turks in mid-1989, which caused temporary
- shortages of skilled labor in glassware, aluminum, and other
- industrial plants and in tobacco fields.
-
- GNP: $51.2 billion, per capita $5,710; real growth rate -0.1%
- (1989 est.).
-
- Inflation rate (consumer prices): 12% (1989).
-
- Unemployment rate: NA%.
-
- Budget: revenues $26 billion; expenditures $28 billion,
- including capital expenditures of $NA billion (1988).
-
- Exports: $20.3 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--machinery
- and equipment 60.5%; agricultural products 14.7%; manufactured
- consumer goods 10.6%; fuels, minerals, raw materials, and
- metals 8.5%; other 5.7%; partners--Socialist countries 82.5%
- (USSR 61%, GDR 5.5%, Czechoslovakia 4.9%); developed countries
- 6.8% (FRG 1.2%, Greece 1.0%); less developed countries 10.7%
- (Libya 3.5%, Iraq 2.9%).
-
- Imports: $21.0 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--fuels,
- minerals, and raw materials 45.2%; machinery and equipment
- 39.8%; manufactured consumer goods 4.6%; agricultural products
- 3.8%; other 6.6%; partners--Socialist countries 80.5% (USSR
- 57.5%, GDR 5.7%), developed countries 15.1% (FRG 4.8%, Austria
- 1.6%); less developed countries 4.4% (Libya 1.0%, Brazil 0.9%).
-
- External debt: $10 billion (1989).
-
- Industrial production: growth rate 0.9% (1988).
-
- Electricity: 11,500,000 kW capacity; 45,000 million kWh
- produced, 5,000 kWh per capita (1989).
-
- Industries: food processing, machine and metal building,
- electronics, chemicals.
-
- Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GNP; climate and soil conditions
- support livestock raising and the growing of various grain
- crops, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits and tobacco; more than
- one-third of the arable land devoted to grain; world's fourth-largest
- tobacco exporter; surplus food producer.
-
- Aid: donor--$1.6 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist
- less developed countries (1956-88).
-
- Currency: lev (plural--leva); 1 lev (Lv) = 100 stotinki.
-
- Exchange rates: leva (Lv) per US$1--0.84 (1989), 0.82 (1988),
- 0.90 (1987), 0.95 (1986), 1.03 (1985).
-
- Fiscal year: calendar year.
-