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TIME: Almanac 1990
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1990 Time Magazine Compact Almanac, The (1991)(Time).iso
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bulgaria.4
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1991-04-07
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Economy
Overview: Growth in the sluggish Bulgarian economy fell
to the 2% annual level in the 1980s, and by 1989 Sofia's
foreign debt had skyrocketed to $10 billion--giving a debt
service ratio of more than 40% of hard currency earnings.
The post-Zhivkov regime faces major problems of renovating
an aging industrial plant, keeping abreast of rapidly unfolding
technological developments, investing in additional energy
capacity (the portion of electric power from nuclear energy
reached 37% in 1988), and motivating workers, in part by
giving them a share in the earnings of their enterprises.
A major decree of January 1989 summarized and extended the
government's economic restructuring efforts, which include
a partial decentralization of controls over production decisions
and foreign trade. The new regime promises more extensive
reforms and eventually a market economy. But the ruling
group cannot (so far) bring itself to give up ultimate control
over economic affairs exercised through the vertical
Party/ministerial command structure. Reforms have not led to
improved economic performance, in particular the provision of more
and better consumer goods. A further blow to the economy was the
exodus of 310,000 ethnic Turks in mid-1989, which caused temporary
shortages of skilled labor in glassware, aluminum, and other
industrial plants and in tobacco fields.
GNP: $51.2 billion, per capita $5,710; real growth rate -0.1%
(1989 est.).
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 12% (1989).
Unemployment rate: NA%.
Budget: revenues $26 billion; expenditures $28 billion,
including capital expenditures of $NA billion (1988).
Exports: $20.3 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--machinery
and equipment 60.5%; agricultural products 14.7%; manufactured
consumer goods 10.6%; fuels, minerals, raw materials, and
metals 8.5%; other 5.7%; partners--Socialist countries 82.5%
(USSR 61%, GDR 5.5%, Czechoslovakia 4.9%); developed countries
6.8% (FRG 1.2%, Greece 1.0%); less developed countries 10.7%
(Libya 3.5%, Iraq 2.9%).
Imports: $21.0 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--fuels,
minerals, and raw materials 45.2%; machinery and equipment
39.8%; manufactured consumer goods 4.6%; agricultural products
3.8%; other 6.6%; partners--Socialist countries 80.5% (USSR
57.5%, GDR 5.7%), developed countries 15.1% (FRG 4.8%, Austria
1.6%); less developed countries 4.4% (Libya 1.0%, Brazil 0.9%).
External debt: $10 billion (1989).
Industrial production: growth rate 0.9% (1988).
Electricity: 11,500,000 kW capacity; 45,000 million kWh
produced, 5,000 kWh per capita (1989).
Industries: food processing, machine and metal building,
electronics, chemicals.
Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GNP; climate and soil conditions
support livestock raising and the growing of various grain
crops, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits and tobacco; more than
one-third of the arable land devoted to grain; world's fourth-largest
tobacco exporter; surplus food producer.
Aid: donor--$1.6 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist
less developed countries (1956-88).
Currency: lev (plural--leva); 1 lev (Lv) = 100 stotinki.
Exchange rates: leva (Lv) per US$1--0.84 (1989), 0.82 (1988),
0.90 (1987), 0.95 (1986), 1.03 (1985).
Fiscal year: calendar year.